Pol exam study guide Essays

Pol exam study guide Essays Pol exam study guide Essay Pol exam study guide Essay Communications Area/Class Discussion folder on Blackboard for each chapter (kind of like a FAQ website). Post your questions in the appropriate forum so that others also can benefit from your questions about the material. If you know the answer to someone elses question, post it! Also, please check the appropriate chapters discussion to see if your answer is posted before posting your questions or responses. This forum is primarily a way for you to help each other, although James and I will monitor it to ensure incorrect information is corrected. Please do not email either one of us with questions about the test; post them in the discussion forums. Do not forget when studying: At the end of each chapter in the book, there are practice multiple choice questions for you. Also, Monopolistic Lab has flash cards, videos, and other resources that should help you understand the concepts in each chapter. Chapter 1 1. Define the following terms: Government Majority rule Natural law Personal liberty Political culture Political ideology Politics Popular consent Popular sovereignty Social conservative Stasis Populist 3. List and explain Aristotle classifications regarding the different types of overspent. Why did the founding fathers choose a republic for the U. S.? Why did they not choose direct democracy? 4. What is political ideology? What are the major ideologies found in the U. S.? What does each think is appropriate with regard to governments role with the economy and social programs? With regard to traditional values and morality? 5. What was the reason the very first colonists came to America? The second? 6. Describe the relationship between liberty and equality in American thought. According to your text, which is most important? 7. What are the main functions of the U. S. Overspent as described in your text? 8. What was the source of Americas focus on individualism? What affect did this focus have on the concept of inalienable rights? 9. How will Americas growing diversity affect public policymaking? What is a majority/minority state? 10. Your text describes (including a graph a growing trend of distrust in American political institutions. Which institution is the least trusted in the U. S.? Which is second? How might these ratings affect policymaking? Chapter 2 Federalist Anti-Federalist bicameral legislature Necessary and proper clause Shays rebellion Constitution Due process of law Rule of law Tyranny of the majority Writ of habeas corpus Ex post facto law Bills of attainder Full faith and credit clause New Jersey Plan Equal Protection Clause Virginia Plan Federalist 51 Federalist 10 Social contract theory Consent of the governed Commerce clause Mercantilism government and what were its powers? Why was the government established under the Articles of Confederation ultimately unsuccessful? 3. Describe the main reasons behind the colonists rebellion against Great Britain. 4. Describe the main issues in Federalist 10 and Federalist 51 . What solutions did the writer propose? 5. Describe the concepts of separation of powers and checks and balances and explain why the founding fathers included these concepts in the framework of the constitution. List the ways each of the three branches of government can check or balance powers in another branch. 6. Describe the two ways a Constitutional amendment can be proposed and the two ways that amendment can be approved. Which is the most commonly used path to ratification? How many constitutional amendments are there? Describe the more informal ways that the Constitution can be changed. 7. How did John Lockers concepts of Life, Liberty, and Property affect the mounding of the United States? 8. What were the main compromises made during the adoption of the Constitution? 9. What were the three functions of government identified by Baron Demimondaines? How did his writings affect the Constitution? 10. What is the purpose of a Constitution? Chapter 3 Enumerated powers Interstate compacts Implied powers Extradition Unfunded mandate Nullification Supremacy Clause Preemption Privileges and immunities clause Matching funds Tenth amendment New Deal Federal grants 2. What are the delegated or enumerated powers for each branch of the federal overspent? What are the concurrent powers? Powers reserved to the states? Powers denied to the states? How does the necessary and proper clause affect the were established as a result of the final ruling in the following cases: McCullough v. Maryland (1819), Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) and the Dried Scott Decision (1857). 4. What is the significance of Mammary v. Madison? What were the main issues in the case? 5. What government functions generally are performed by the states? 6. What two Constitutional amendments shifted more power to the national government and how did they do so? 7. Describe how the government under President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to the Great Depression. What was the Supreme Courts initial reaction to these proposals? Did the Court ever change its rulings with regard to the New Deal programs? . Describe the differences between categorical grants, block grants, and earmarks. Chapter 4 Civil liberties Lemon test Defamation Prior restraint Warrant Probable cause Exclusionary rule Fundamental freedoms Incorporation doctrine Double Jeopardy Capital punishment Test case Fighting words Slander Libel Clear and present danger test Direct incitement test Establishment clause Penumbra (related to privacy) 2. What is the Bill of Righ ts? What is the significance of selective incorporation as related to the Bill of Rights and the 14th Amendment? 3. What are the two provisions in the Bill of Rights regarding freedom of religion? What are the issues surrounding each that we discussed in class? 4. Describe some of the circumstances where the Supreme Court has ruled prior restraint of speech or the press acceptable. 5. What is the Supreme Courts position on symbolic speech, such as flag-burning? (Is it regarding the Bong hits for Jesus was NOT protected? . Where are privacy rights found in the Constitution? Describe the issues and the Supreme Courts rulings in Griswold v. Connecticut, Roe v. Wade, and Lawrence v. Texas. What are recent trends in the Supreme Courts rulings regarding abortion? 7. Explain in detail the provisions in the Bill of Rights that guarantee a defendant the right to a fair trial (especially look at the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th amendments). 8. Describe the issues and ruling in Gideon v. Handwriting. What practice did the case establish for court procedures? What is a Miranda warning and why is it significant? 9. How does the Supreme Court define obscenity? In general, most successfully prosecuted obscenity cases are of what type? 0. Once someone has been arrested, what are three additional things police can search without a warrant (things related to the person arrested)? Is it ever constitutional for police to stop and frisk someone without a warrant? If so, when? 11. Is the Exclusionary Rule absolute, or are there exceptions allowed by the Supreme Court? 12. Is the death penalty constitutional? Why or why not? 13. According to your book, how has the war on terrorism affected civil liberties? 14. Do other countries have similar civil liberties as the U. S.? Describe instances where free speech allowed by the U. S. Constitution might be misunderstood by other countries. (this was discussed in class) Current Events Topics (re-familiarize yourself from your notes) 1, Balance of power between President and Congress regarding Syria and related military actions 2, Preacher who burns the Koran 3. Regulation of franking activities 4, Political reasons behind the deadlock in Congress/relationship with concepts in Federalist 51 and Federalist 10 5. Dont forget to read the articles posted online!

Using Antes and Related Spanish Phrases

Using Antes and Related Spanish Phrases Antes is a common way of saying  before, but it is often necessary to use it in the phrases antes de and antes de que.   How To Use Antes The easiest way to think about the differences between antes by itself and the two phrases is to consider which part of the sentence antes connects with. If it affects the meaning of the entire sentence or of a verb, then its functioning as an adverb and stands alone. Another way of thinking about this, although it doesnt cover all instances, is that  if it makes sense to translate antes as beforehand or earlier (theyre both adverbs) then you should use antes by itself: Antes fuimos a la ciudad. (Earlier, we went to the city.)No lo habà ­a visto antes. (I had not seen it beforehand.)Yo corrà ­a ms antes.  (Earlier, I used to run more.)Antes habà ­a muchos casos de tuberculosis en las zona. (Before, there were many tuberculosis cases in the area.) Antes de (not antes de que), on the other hand, functions like a two-word preposition and connects with a noun that follows (or an infinitive functioning as  a noun): Fue difà ­cil viajar antes de la era industrial.  (It was difficult to travel before the industrial era.)Yo tenà ­a miedo antes del comunicado oficial.  (I was afraid before the official announcement.)Llene este formulario antes de salir.  (Fill out this form before leaving.)No creers cà ³mo Disney hacà ­a sus pelà ­culas antes de las computadoras. (You will not believe how Disney made its films before there were computers.) Finally, antes de que (or antes que, a regional variation used the same way), functions as a subordinating conjunction, which indicates the connection between one event and another and is followed by a noun and a verb (or a verb where the noun is implied): Necesito perder peso antes de que empiece el verano. (I need to lose weight before summer begins.)Mi padre se fue antes que yo naciera.  (My father left before I was born.)Antes de que estudiemos el sol, aprenderemos un algo sobre los tomos de hidrà ³geno.  (Before studying the sun, we will learn something about hydrogen atoms.)Controle su ira antes de que ella le controle a usted. (Control your anger before it controls you.) Note that as in the above examples, the verb following antes de que or antes que is in the subjunctive mood. This is true even when the subjunctive verb refers to something that definitely will or already has happened. One way of understanding the differences is to look at the three variations used in sentences that begin the same: Lo sabà ­a todo antes. I knew it all before. (Antes affects the meaning of the entire sentence and functions as an adverb. This is the only example of these three where beforehand or earlier would work as a translation.)Lo sabà ­a todo antes de hoy. I knew it all before today. (Antes de functions as a preposition with hoy, a noun, as its object.)Lo sabà ­a todo antes (de) que comenzara el trabajo. I knew it all before the job began. (Antes (de) que indicates the time connection between what could otherwise be two sentences.) Ante vs. Antes Although ante is sometimes translated as before, it should not be confused with antes. Although the two words are clearly related, they have separate uses. In modern Spanish, ante is a preposition that means before only in the sense of being in the presence of or in the face of. Common translations include in front of or facing. It can also be translated at considering or compared to. Ha subido las escaleras y se ha colocado ante la estatua de la diosa. (He had climbed the stairs and had planted himself in front of the statue of the goddess.)En una ocasià ³n me invitaron a hablar ante las estudiantes de la Escuela de Negocios de Harvard. (One time they invited me to speak before Harvard Business School students.)Tenemos que aprender a ser tolerantes ante nuestras diferencias raciales. (We need to learn to be tolerant in light of our racial differences.) ¿Te gustarà ­a vivir ante la playa y con maravillosas vistas a mar y montaà ±a? (Would you like living facing the beach with marvelous views of sea and mountain?) Key Takeaways Antes functions as an adverb that, when used by itself, typically means before or earlier.The phrases antes de and antes de que function as a two-word preposition and three-word conjunction, respectively.Ante is a preposition that often means in front of or considering.